Primary
Sources: Using Cigarettes and Marijuana at an Early Age May Put Girls at Risk
for Pregnancy
What
it’s about: Researchers at the Washington University School of Medicine in St.
Louis wanted to know what types of substance use might put teenage girls at
risk for becoming pregnant at a very young age (under 15 years old). To find
out, they studied data from the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which is
conducted every two years by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The survey takes stock of the risky health behaviors of U.S. high school
students. Read the rest here.
Anxiety
and alcohol use linked to Facebook
In
a quest to learn what leads some people to turn to Facebook to connect with
others, doctoral student Russell Clayton of the Missouri School of Journalism
found that anxiety and alcohol use seem to play a big role. For his master's
thesis, which appears in the May issue of Computers in Human Behavior, Clayton
surveyed more than 225 college freshman about two emotions, anxiety and
loneliness, and two behaviors, alcohol and marijuana use. He found that the
students who reported both higher levels of anxiety and greater alcohol use
also appeared the most emotionally connected with Facebook. Those who reported
higher levels of loneliness, on the other hand, said they used Facebook to
connect with others but were not emotionally connected to it. Read the rest here.
Teen
Dating Abuse and Harassment in the Digital World
The Urban Institute's study on teen dating and digital abuse surveyed 5,647 teens to better understand how many have been affected by abuse and harassment. One in four dating teens is abused or harassed online or through texts by their partners, according the largest survey to date on the subject. Victims of digital abuse and harassment are 2 times as likely to be physically abused, 2.5 times as likely to be psychologically abused, and 5 times as likely to be sexually coerced. New technologies—social networking sites, texts, cell phones, and e-mails—have given abusers another way to control, degrade, and frighten their partners. These tools haven’t pushed overall abuse rates up, but have allowed abusers to harass their victims anywhere and at any time, even when they’re apart. Read more here.
The Urban Institute's study on teen dating and digital abuse surveyed 5,647 teens to better understand how many have been affected by abuse and harassment. One in four dating teens is abused or harassed online or through texts by their partners, according the largest survey to date on the subject. Victims of digital abuse and harassment are 2 times as likely to be physically abused, 2.5 times as likely to be psychologically abused, and 5 times as likely to be sexually coerced. New technologies—social networking sites, texts, cell phones, and e-mails—have given abusers another way to control, degrade, and frighten their partners. These tools haven’t pushed overall abuse rates up, but have allowed abusers to harass their victims anywhere and at any time, even when they’re apart. Read more here.
Generic Drug
Makers Await FDA Decision on OxyContin
Generic drug
makers are waiting for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to decide whether
they must make tamper-resistant forms of OxyContin, or if they can produce the
original version, The Wall Street Journal reports. OxyContin’s first patent
expires Tuesday. In making its decision, the FDA must weigh the significant
problem of prescription drug abuse against the need for generic painkillers
that are effective and inexpensive. The FDA’s decision could influence proposed federal legislation that would require most
prescription painkillers to have tamper-resistant formulas. Annual sales of OxyContin,
at $2.8 billion, represented about 30 percent of the painkiller market last
year, according to the newspaper. The original version of OxyContin was easy to
heat or crush, allowing users to inject, snort or smoke the drug. In 2010, the
drug’s manufacturer, Purdue Pharma, introduced a tamper-resistant formula that
made the pill harder to crush. The FDA could allow generic drug makers to
produce the original version, which would be inexpensive to make. The agency
might decide generic companies could only make versions that use Purdue’s
abuse-deterrent formula, which does not come off patent until 2025. Or it could
allow generic drug makers to make their own versions of abuse deterrents. Last
month, the group representing the nation’s attorneys general called on the FDA
to require manufacturers and marketers of generic prescription pain drugs to
develop versions of their products that are resistant to tampering and abuse.
Commentary:
ASAM Survey to Identify Where Patient Access to Addiction Treatment is at Risk
As a growing
number of states have either passed new legislation or are considering
legislation limiting payment for opioid treatment, the American Society of
Addiction Medicine (ASAM) has launched the patient advocacy task force, which focuses
on FDA-approved medications for opioid dependence. ASAM Acting President Dr.
Stuart Gitlow explains the group is starting with a survey that will identify
locations in which patient access to treatment is at risk. Over a decade ago,
there were but two medications in the addiction specialist’s prescription pad:
the relatively little-used, off-patent and inexpensive disulfiram, and the more
frequently used but also off-patent and inexpensive methadone. Those accounting
for the cost of treating addiction focused on the comparative expenses of
various treatment modalities, saving funds for the short-term by preferring
treatment at the least intensive level of care. Ambulatory treatment of
addiction was not even a blip on the radar because it generally involved no
procedures and no medication.Times have changed. We have many medications now
indicated for use in various states of addictive disease. These medications are
far more expensive than disulfiram and have been utilized extensively.
Physicians across the country are prescribing a variety of medications such
that outpatient addiction treatment no longer represents a mere blip on the
accountants’ worksheets. Addiction treatment, and opioid dependence in
particular, has risen to the upper part of the chart if we look only at the
cost of ongoing medication prescribed to those afflicted. The question from the
accounting perspective has always been, “How can we contain costs?” The big
picture, of course, sees the cost of treatment as being only one side, with the
other side represented by improved function, improved productivity, longer life
and reduced costs associated with more rigorous treatment which might be
necessitated if the illness is not addressed in an ongoing manner. But these
gains take time to establish and are difficult to demonstrate within an
election cycle, which unfortunately has become the important unit of time with
which we are now concerned. State legislatures have noticed the impact on the
balance sheet, and while it is highly unlikely that they would say, “You may
treat hypertension for two years, but then must stop the antihypertensive,” or
“I’m sorry about your 10-year-old’s diabetes, but she’s already been on insulin
for two years and therefore must discontinue her medication,” they seem to have
little difficulty asking our opioid dependent patients to discontinue or limit
their dosage of medication. Utah, Michigan, Maine, Tennessee and Indiana have
either passed new legislation or are considering legislation addressing
buprenorphine specifically. The potential Tennessee legislation, not yet
introduced, even has statements to the effect of requiring buprenorphine
treatment to be terminated should there be positive urine drug test results.
Imagine that: “Hmmm, your blood pressure is 200/120. I’m required by law to
stop your antihypertensive.” The ASAM has launched the patient advocacy task
force specifically focusing on FDA-approved medications for opioid dependence
(methadone, buprenorphine, buprenorphine/naloxone and ER injectable
naltrexone). We’ve started with a survey to identify examples of access which
can serve as models for both public and private sectors, but also to identify
locations in which patient access to treatment is at risk. Our first press
conference is scheduled for June 20 at the National Press Club in Washington,
D.C., but even before that time, we’re focusing on individual states where the
risk is most immediate. An individual can have hypertension but not be
hypertensive. An individual can be diabetic yet have a normal blood sugar. An
individual can have addictive disease even while in recovery. And just to make
matters more complex, an individual with addiction can be in recovery either
while entirely abstinent from psychoactive substances or while taking a
prescribed medication such as methadone or buprenorphine. Short-term economic
considerations, combined with the stigma against treatment of those with
addictive disease, should not drive treatment decisions or determinations.
Stuart
Gitlow, MD MPH MBA is a member of the American Medical Association’s
Council on Science & Public Health, and Acting President of the American
Society of Addiction Medicine.
Companies Use
Data Analysis to Fight Prescription Drug Abuse
A growing number
of companies are using data analysis to fight prescription drug abuse, The Wall Street Journal reports. Many of these firms were
represented at last week’s National Rx Drug Abuse Summit in Orlando.They are
combining medical research and guidelines with computer analysis. Most of the
companies are insurers and medical bill review consultants for firms that pay
workers’ compensation claims. They say their goal is to lower healthcare costs,
improve safe use of medication and identify people who might abuse painkillers
before they become addicted. Some doctors say they are concerned these
companies may be more interested in lowering costs than in patients’ wellbeing.
“One person doesn’t heal the same way another person does. Treatment has to be
directed by the physician—not the insurer,” said Andrea Trescot, past president
of the nonprofit industry group American Society of Interventional Pain
Physicians. One company, Rising Medical Solutions Inc., uses algorithms to
determine injured workers’ risk of abuse, based on a 30-question survey. They
are asked about their optimism about recovery, previous history of injury,
whether they smoke, and other risk factors for painkiller addiction. The
company also evaluates the amount of time between when an injury occurs and
when it was reported. A delay could signal a greater potential for abuse, the
article notes. Another firm, PMSI Inc., creates a risk scorecard that compares
a company’s results to other firms in the area, or in a similar industry. If
PMSI determines a patient has the potential to abuse painkillers, a doctor
employed by the company will call up the physician treating the patient to
discuss the case.
Many Young
Adults Use Parents’ Insurance to Treat Substance Abuse, Mental Illness
Young adults who
receive health insurance through their parents’ plans because of the Affordable
Care Act (ACA) are more likely to use the coverage to treat substance abuse,
mental illness or pregnancy, compared with their peers who already had
coverage, a new report finds. These three conditions accounted for 60 percent
of hospital claims for young adults who were enrolled in their parents’ health
plans in 2011, as a result of ACA, according to The Hill. The findings come from a study by the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI). In contrast,
substance abuse, mental illness and pregnancy accounted for about one-third of
claims in a group of young people who were already enrolled in their parents’
plan before healthcare reform took effect. Under ACA, health plans that provide
dependent coverage must let young adults remain on their parents’ plan until
they are 26. As a result of the law, 3.1 million young adults have gained
coverage, EBRI estimates. The uninsured rate among young people ages 19 to 25
has fallen significantly over the past several years. The EBRI study found
young people enrolled in their parents’ plan after 2011, when the provision
took effect, spent an average of 15 percent more on healthcare, compared with
their peers who were already on their parents’ plan.
The famous TV commercial that showed an egg frying and warned Americans “this is your brain on drugs” was meant to focus on illicit substances, but its message is equally applicable to many popular prescription medications.\ That’s because these medications, just like drugs of abuse, hijack the brain circuits designed to make us feel pleasure when we’re doing the things that keep us alive or keep the species going. So, when we eat something tasty or have sex, the reward centers of the brain are stimulated and we feel good, which makes us want to go back and do it all over again. Similarly, pain relievers tap into the reward center – one of the oldest regions of the brain, often called the primitive brain – to make us feel better. And that may help explain how it is that pain killers take more lives than heroin and cocaine combined. Read the rest here.
Smack talk: Heroin addiction touches individuals, families,
communities
Feb. 20 is the
date Adam lost a parent. The date that pushed him further down the road of
drugs and addiction. The date he got high to forget. Feb. 21 is a special day
for one of his siblings. The date he couldn’t celebrate with his family
anymore. The date he chose as his “clean date.” Read
the rest here.
California panel advances bills
targeting prescription drug abuse
A broad package
of bills aimed at reducing prescription drug abuse and overdose deaths won
approval from a key state Senate committee Monday. The bills, including a
measure that would require coroners to report prescription-involved deaths to
the Medical Board of California, followed a series of Times articles linking
doctors to patient overdose deaths. Click
here for the rest of the story.
Taste of Beer, Without Effect from
Alcohol, Triggers Dopamine Release in the Brain
The taste of
beer, without any effect from alcohol itself, can trigger dopamine release in
the brain, which is associated with drinking and other drugs of abuse,
according to Indiana University School of Medicine researchers. Rest of
this article is here.
As prescription painkillers become more difficult to obtain and abuse, a growing number of people addicted to these drugs are switching to heroin, USA Today reports. The trend is increasingly being seen in the suburbs. Health officials and police report a significant rise in overdoses and crime, the newspaper notes. Last fall, the Northern New England Poison Center reported a jump in heroin overdoses in Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire. “When you switch to heroin, you don’t know what’s in there from batch to batch,” said the center’s director, Karen Simone. “It’s a big jump to go to heroin. It may be strong; it may be weak. They don’t know what they are getting. Suddenly, the whole game changes.” Heroin is popular in large part because it is cheap, officials say. While an 80-milligram OxyContin costs between $60 to $100 a pill on the black market, heroin costs $45 to $60 for a multiple-dose supply. OxyContin abuse has also been declining because the drug has been reformulated so it is more difficult to crush and snort. According to the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the number of people who were past-year heroin users in 2011 (620,000) was higher than the number in 2007 (373,000). “Heroin is huge. We’ve never had anything like it in this state,” said Carol Falkowski, the former drug abuse strategy officer for Minnesota and a member of the Community Epidemiology Working Group at the National Institute on Drug Abuse, which tracks trends in drug use. “It’s very affordable. It’s very high purity. Most people did not believe that heroin would happen here in Lake Woebegone, but it really has a grip, not only in the Twin Cities, but all around the state.”
What do you think is the leading cause of accidental death in California? If you said car accidents, you were wrong. In 2009, the most recent year for which statistics are available, 3,200 people in the state died in automobile crashes, while 3,561 people died of drug overdoses, the bulk of them involving prescription pills. That high number of deaths is particularly tragic because we have a powerful weapon against drug overdoses, and it isn't used nearly as often as it could be. Rest of the story is here.
FDA Will Not
Approve Generic Versions of Original OxyContin
The Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) announced Tuesday it will not approve any generic versions
of the original form of OxyContin. The move is aimed at preventing prescription
drug abuse, Reuters reports. The original version of OxyContin could be crushed
and then snorted or injected. Its patent was set to expire on Tuesday. The FDA
also approved new labeling for a reformulated version of the drug, which will
indicate it is more difficult to crush, and thus harder to abuse than the
original version. OxyContin’s manufacturer, Purdue Pharma, introduced the
tamper-resistant formula in 2010. “The development of abuse-deterrent opioid
analgesics is a public health priority for the FDA,” Douglas Throckmorton, MD,
Deputy Director for Regulatory Programs in the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation
and Research, said in a statement. “While both original and reformulated
OxyContin are subject to abuse and misuse, the FDA has determined that
reformulated OxyContin can be expected to make abuse by injection difficult and
expected to reduce abuse by snorting compared to original OxyContin.”
Representative Hal Rogers of Kentucky, Co-Chairman of the Congressional Caucus
on Prescription Drug Abuse, said in a statement, “This is a huge win for our
region and for the thousands of families who have seen painkillers become pain
makers. The FDA undoubtedly saved our nation from another deadly tidal wave of
oxycodone abuse and overdoses.”
Millions of
New Patients Could Receive Addiction Treatment Under Health Law
Between 3 million
and 5 million new patients could soon receive addiction treatment under the
Affordable Care Act, according to the Associated Press. The change will have a
major impact on treatment for drug and alcohol addiction. Currently only one
cent of every health care dollar in the United States is dedicated to addiction
treatment, the AP reports. Approximately 10 percent of the 23 million Americans
with drug and alcohol problems receive treatment, government figures indicate.
Until now, a major reason for the large number of people not receiving
treatment has been a lack of health insurance. Under healthcare reform,
millions of people will become eligible for insurance coverage starting in
January. The number of people seeking addiction treatment could double, the
article notes. “There is no illness currently being treated that will be more
affected by the Affordable Care Act than addiction,” Tom McLellan, CEO of the
nonprofit Treatment Research Institute, told the AP. “That’s because we have a
system of treatment that was built for a time when they didn’t understand that
addiction was an illness.” The change may overwhelm many treatment facilities.
In more than two-thirds of states, treatment clinics are at 100 percent
capacity or will reach that mark soon. The arrival of many new patients could
lead to waiting lists of months or longer, according to treatment agencies.
Many of them have been shrinking in recent years due to government budget cuts.
The federal government is urging states to expand their Medicaid programs. If
20 states do so, an additional 3.8 million patients with addiction problems
would receive insurance, the AP notes. If almost all of the states expanded
their Medicaid program, that number could reach 5.5 million. The law also
designates addiction treatment as an “essential health benefit” for most
commercial health plans.
Medication-Assisted Treatment and
Other Changes in the Addiction Field: A Q&A with Maia Szalavitz, Part III
Opioids (heroin
and prescription pain relievers) are powerful drugs that act on specific
receptors in the brain that are important in regulating pain. While
prescription opioids can be highly beneficial if used as prescribed, as a class
of drug, they have a high potential for abuse. In fact, the National Institute
on Drug Abuse estimated that 1.9 million people in the U.S. were addicted to
prescription opioid pain relievers in 2010 and 359,000 were addicted to heroin.
Medication-assisted treatment for opiate dependence generally refers to the use
of the medications buprenorphine, methadone or naltrexone to treat opiate
dependence, in combination with counseling and recovery support services.
In this, Part 3 of a 4-part series of my Q&A with award winning journalist
Maia Szalavitz, Ms. Szalavitz shares her views on the dominance and effectiveness
of traditional AA/12 Step based rehab programs, as well as the changes she has
seen in the addiction field with a special emphasis on medication-assisted
treatment for those struggling with opioid dependency. Read
the rest here.
Smack talk:
Addiction a family disease
Heroin addiction
is a family disease. “For every person affected with addiction, on average,
there are at least four to five other people significantly impacted: parents,
siblings, grandparents, spouses, children. "And then there’s another
circle of about 7 to 15 other people: neighbors, coworkers, friends,” Dr. Neil
Capretto, addiction psychiatrist and medical director at Gateway Rehabilitation
Center in Center Township, said. Chris Payne of Center Township knows that
well. Within the past two years, Payne's nephew, Ronald Kroskey, 26, of Beaver
Falls, and then her son, Stephen Payne III, 22, died of drug overdoses
involving heroin. Stephen Payne became addicted to opiates about a year before
his death, when doctors prescribed him painkillers for back and arm injuries. Read
the rest here.
Parents Can Help Their
Children Avoid Alcohol Pitfalls During Transition from High School to College
Prior research has shown that the transition from high
school to college is a particularly vulnerable time, associated with increased
alcohol use and risk of negative alcohol-related consequences. While studies
have examined the effectiveness of prevention programs to address this problem,
few have examined which students may benefit the most. A study of student
characteristics has found that parent-based interventions (PBIs) can be
effective even among those students feeling high peer pressure to drink
alcohol. Results will be published in the September 2013 issue of Alcoholism:
Clinical & Experimental Research and are currently available at Early View.
"College matriculation is a vulnerable transition for many youth for many
reasons," said Michael J. Cleveland, research assistant professor at the
Prevention Research Center at The Pennsylvania State University and
corresponding author for the study. "Increased freedoms and autonomy --
from parental control and from the structure of high school -- as well as
instability -- as new friendships and romantic relationships form -- may lead
to increased opportunities, and social pressures, for young people to
experiment with alcohol and other substances." Rose Marie Ward, associate
professor of health promotion at Miami University, Ohio, agreed. "The
transition from high school to college is constantly marked as a crucial time
for alcohol interventions," she said. "PBIs stress that during this
crucial transition period, communication between the parent and teen … is
highly important." Rest of
this article is here.
Drunk driving not the only
way alcohol leads to teen deaths, study says
The findings show the importance of preventing underage drinking even if there is no risk of drinking and driving, according to Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). Analyzing 2010 federal government data, the group found that 32 percent of the drinking-related deaths among young people aged 15 to 20 involved traffic crashes, while 68 percent involved incidents such as murder (30 percent), suicide (14 percent), alcohol poisoning (9 percent) and other causes (15 percent). Read more here.
The findings show the importance of preventing underage drinking even if there is no risk of drinking and driving, according to Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). Analyzing 2010 federal government data, the group found that 32 percent of the drinking-related deaths among young people aged 15 to 20 involved traffic crashes, while 68 percent involved incidents such as murder (30 percent), suicide (14 percent), alcohol poisoning (9 percent) and other causes (15 percent). Read more here.
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